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In the same year, the Archbishop of Kraków, Karol Wojtyła, was made Pope John Paul II. In 1978, UNESCO placed Kraków on the World Heritage Sites list.
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This was seen as an attempt to lessen the influence of the anti-communist intelligentsia and religious communities in Kraków see Cold War Europe. In the Communist period, a large steel work factory was established in the suburb of Nowa Huta. After German withdrawal, the city escaped complete destruction and many buildings were saved. Concentration camps were established near Kraków, including Plaszow and Auschwitz see Holocaust remembrance. Many academics were killed and historic relics and monuments were destroyed or looted. This lasted until the Second World War, when Germany and the USSR partitioned the country, with German forces entering Kraków in September 1939. In the First World War, Józef Piłsudski set out to liberate Poland and the Treaty of Versailles (1919) established an independent sovereign Polish state for the first time in more than 100 years. However, it mostly fell under the sphere of influence of the Austrian Habsburg Empire, in the province of Galicia. These included being part of the Duchy of Warsaw, established by Napoleon, and becoming an "independent city". After being invaded by Russians, Prussians, Austrians, Transylvanians, Swedes, and the French, it went through a phase of various forms of political control. However, the 17th century was a return to troubled times for Kraków and Poland. King Zygmunt III officially moved the capital in 1609. In 1569, Poland was officially united with Lithuania and as a result government activity started to move to Warsaw. Under the influence of the joint Polish-Lithuanian Jagiellonian dynasty, Kraków became a centre of science and the arts. The 16th century was Kraków's golden age. This area remained mainly Jewish for centuries until the Nazi occupation.
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King Kazimierz established the district of Kazimierz for Jews to live in free from persecution. Walls, fortifications, and the original Wawel Castle were added. However, after more successful attacks by the Mongols in the late 13th century, Kazimierz the Great set about defending the city. It was rebuilt to a design that remains largely unchanged to the present day. In 1241, the city was almost entirely destroyed by Tatars.
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In 1038, Kazimierz the Restorer made Kraków the capital of Poland. However, through the 9th and 10th centuries, it fell under the influence of the Great Moravians, then the Bohemians, before being captured by the Piast Dynasty of Poland.
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Through trade with the various rulers of Europe, it grew from a small settlement in 1000 AD to a large wealthy city, belonging to the Vistulans. However, the first official mention of the name was in 966 by a Jewish merchant from Spain, who described it as an important centre of trade in Slavonic Europe. Legend has it that it was built on the cave of a dragon whom the mythical King Krak had slain. Kraków is one of the oldest cities in Poland, with evidence showing settlements there since 20,000 BC. Mary seen from the Main Market Understand History